Everything you wanted to know about the Large Hadron Collider - GoFuckYourself.com

2MuchMark · 09-11-2008, 01:12 AM

Everything you wanted to know about the Large Hadron Collider

What is the LHC?
The Large Hadron Collider is the world's most powerful particle accelerator and it's about to start operating in a tunnel that runs beneath parts of Switzerland and France. Operated by CERN - the European Organisation for Nuclear Research - the LHC will produce very high-energy particle collisions.

What's the reason for colliding sub-atomic particles into one another?
It's the best way to explore the inner workings of atoms and learn about the fundamental nature of matter.

What kind of particles will be used at the LHC?
The particles will be hadrons - that's to say, large fundamental particles composed of quarks. For eleven months of the year, the hadron beams will consist of protons; for the remaining time, the particles will be lead ions.

What's a quark?
Quarks are fundamental particles. There are six types of them with fascinating names: up quarks, down quarks, strange quarks, charmed quarks, top quarks and bottom quarks. Hadrons consist of up quarks and down quarks.

Why does the LHC have two beams?
By colliding two beams that are travelling in opposite directions, you get a much bigger impact than you'd get from sending a single beam into a stationary target.

Why do the particles have to travel in a vacuum?
Because air would slow the particles.

Why is the accelerator circular?
So that the particles can be accelerated to a truly high speed. Each time the protons complete a circuit, they're pushed to a slightly higher speed. To achieve the same velocity with particles travelling in a straight line would require a beam tube that would be thousands of kilometres long.

Why are the LHC beam tubes in a tunnel that's 100 metres underground?
There are four reasons: 1. no need for CERN to buy property rights for the farms and homes it runs beneath. 2. Protection from cosmic ray particles that could generate spurious results. 3. Rock at that depth is extremely stable. 4. Ecellent protection from radiation and other hazards for people on the surface.

How big is the LHC?
It's 27 km in circumference.

Why does the LHC have to be so big?
The bigger the circle, the faster the protons can go.

How large is the interior of the tunnel?
About the size of a Montreal Metro tunnel.

How big are the two beam pipes that the protons travel in?
About as big as fire hoses.

How wide is each beam?
Each beam of protons is about 1 mm across. But for the collisions, the beams are focussed down to less than half the width of a human hair.

How many protons are there in each beam?
About 300 trillion. But if you were to slow them down and allow them to form a gas at normal temperature and normal pressure, the gas would occupy a space about one hundredth the size of a grain of salt.

Why is speed so important?
More speed means more energy. At CERN, the protons will eventually be running at 99.9999991% of the speed of light. At this speed, each individual proton will have the energy of seven mosquitoes.

What is the total energy of the beams?
Because there are so many protons in the beams, the combined energy equals that of a 200 tonne train running at 200 kph.

Are the protons accelerated entirely inside the LHC?
No there are several systems that gradually speed up the protons before they're ready to be injected into the LHC.

What accelerates the protons in the LHC?
A radiofrequency chamber kicks the protons once per circuit to increase their speed.

What, then, is the reason for all those enormous magnets?
The LHC has two kinds of magnets. The magnets that are evenly spaced around the 27 km circuit have the job of guiding the protons in a circle. Without these magnets, the protons would fly off in a straight line. As well, there are magnets to focus the beams in readiness for the collisions. The magnets in the particle detectors are designed to bend the trajectories of the fragments that fly out in all directions from the proton-to-proton collisions.

Why are the magnets cooled to minus 271 degrees Celsius?
So that they become superconductors and thus work vastly more efficiently.

How difficult is it to cool all the magnets in the LHC to such a low temperature?
Think 96 tonnes of liquid helium.

How much electricity is required to run the LHC?
When it's running at full power, the LHC will consume $100,000 worth of electricity each day.

Given that the LHC magnets consume so much electricity, do they run at a super-high voltage?
No, as curious as it sounds, they operate at about 9 volts - the same voltage as a smoke-detector battery. But because the magnets have been cooled almost to absolute zero and have become superconductors, a small voltage can drive an enormous current of 12,000 amps.

How big are the particle detectors?
The ATLAS detector fills up an underground chamber that's as big as a cathedral. The CMS detector has as much iron as the Eiffel Tower.

Why are the particle detectors so enormous?
Fragments from the collisions fly out at extreme speeds. Magnets in the detectors bend the paths of the particles. A very large detector is needed to pick up the curvature of each particle track so that the mass of the particle can be determined.

How much data will the LHC generate?
Enough data to fill a CD every second.

How will all this data be stored?
On special magnetic tapes that hold about 700 gigbytes of data.

How will the data be analysed?
CERN has set up a world-wide grid of 100,000 computers to crunch the numbers.

What are the physicists hope to discover?
They're hoping to find an elusive particle called the Higgs boson.

Why do some people refer to the Higgs boson as the God Particle?
Because it's the particle that endows all other particles with mass.

How soon will a Higgs boson show up?
If it does, indeed, show up it will be at least two years before the Higgs boson is found.

Will the LHC produce a micro black hole?
The CERN physicists hope so. Indeed, if the LHC does produce micro black holes, it will likely do so at the rate of about one per second.

Will micro black holes destroy the planet?
No. They'll evaporate instantaneously because of Hawking radiation.

How can the physicists be so sure that there's no danger?
For billions of years, cosmic rays have been battering the earth with much higher energies than the LHC particles will ever attain. None of these collisions has ever created a stable, earth-eating black hole. So there's no reason to think that the LHC will create harmful micro black holes. That same line of thinking rules out the possibility that some have raised that the LHC will produce other planet-threatening particles such as strangelets and magnetic monopoles.

Will it be possible to go underground and visit the tunnel and the particle detectors while the LHC is running?
No, the tunnels and the detectors will be filled with radiation while the machine is running. No one will go underground until after the beams have been stopped for several hours.

Is there any risk to humans from the radiation?
No, there's no risk because the tunnels and the particle detectors are 100 metres underground. Unlike a nuclear reactor, there's no risk of the radiation going out of control. As soon as the beams stop circling in the beam pipes, the radiation will begin to subside.

Is there a risk of the beam going out of control?
There's no risk to people on the surface. But all that energy in such a narrow tube could go out of control. There's an emergency beam dump that can absorb the energy if there's a problem with a beam.

Does the LHC mark the end of US technological supremacy?
In this particular area of research, yes. The largest atom smasher in the US is the Tevatron at Fermilab near Chicago. The LHC will be seven times more powerful, and will have 100 times more collisions per second than the Tevatron.

How is the power of a particle collider measured?
The power of a collider is expressed in terms of the energy of each particle, measured in electronvolts. At maximum power, the protons in the LHC will attain 7 tera-electronvolts, abbreviated to 7 TeV. ("tera" means "million-million")

How many physicists are working on the LHC?
About 2,000 are employed by CERN, another 10,000 scientists around the world collaborate with CERN.

Given that the LHC tunnel spans two countries, how many border crossings will each proton make in a second?
Each proton will cross the France/Switzerland border 44,000 times per second.

Will there be any practical benefits from the LHC?
The LHC has been designed for pure research. There are no guaranteed practical benefits. However all previous pure research has led to discoveries with practical benefits. The original research on electrons was done without any inkling of the benefits that would flow from electronic devices. It's pretty well inevitable that research at CERN will lead to fresh scientific insights that will have practical applications.

Is it true that the Internet was invented at CERN?
No, the Internet was invented by the US military. In 1989, CERN scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web.

Is it possible to visit the LHC?
Yes, CERN organises lengthy and informative visits for the general public. If you'd like to book a half-day visit, go to www.cern.ch and click on the "Come to CERN" link.

Where is CERN?
CERN is located in the suburb of Meyrin on the outskirts of Geneva and can be easily reached by city bus.

WWC · 09-11-2008, 01:27 AM

ok but can they provide Large Breasted Girls Cams? NOOOOOO .... so i dont care then ;-)

After Shock Media · 09-11-2008, 01:37 AM

Why are the LHC beam tubes in a tunnel that's 100 metres underground?
There are four reasons: 1. no need for CERN to buy property rights for the farms and homes it runs beneath

Ok I did not know that and that really is interesting. Does it work that way in every country?

HomerSimpson · 09-11-2008, 01:51 AM

nice copy paste

hjnet · 09-11-2008, 02:10 AM

Nice post, I'm just waiting for the first "Black-Hole" Conspiracies on GFY.....

AlienQ - BANNED FOR LIFE · 09-11-2008, 02:36 AM

I read alot more about this thing.

It's harmless really.

Great leap for possibly learning a few phoenomina perhaps...
The SCARIEST thing of all things really is that a good number of physicists believe nothing will be discovered at LHC and that the only chance of further discovery is to be able to observe whats happening at a smaller scale than what the LHC is capable of.

Higg's Boson is just a theory and it's a loose theory at that.

The Higg's Boson suppossedly a field where none matter becomes matter in our universe from nothing. A gateway sorta field opens another dimension that brings an new atom in our dimension

baddog · 09-11-2008, 02:39 AM

Why read the book when you can watch the movie?

There will be a quiz later.

papill0n · 09-11-2008, 03:12 AM

Thanks for posting. Very informative

V_RocKs · 09-11-2008, 03:20 AM

Quote:

Originally Posted by WWC-Raffi

ok but can they provide Large Breasted Girls Cams? NOOOOOO .... so i dont care then ;-)

Nice avatar.

09-11-2008, 01:12 AM	#1
2MuchMark Videochat Solutions Industry Role: Join Date: Aug 2004 Location: Canada Posts: 49,292	Everything you wanted to know about the Large Hadron Collider Everything you wanted to know about the Large Hadron Collider What is the LHC? The Large Hadron Collider is the world's most powerful particle accelerator and it's about to start operating in a tunnel that runs beneath parts of Switzerland and France. Operated by CERN - the European Organisation for Nuclear Research - the LHC will produce very high-energy particle collisions. What's the reason for colliding sub-atomic particles into one another? It's the best way to explore the inner workings of atoms and learn about the fundamental nature of matter. What kind of particles will be used at the LHC? The particles will be hadrons - that's to say, large fundamental particles composed of quarks. For eleven months of the year, the hadron beams will consist of protons; for the remaining time, the particles will be lead ions. What's a quark? Quarks are fundamental particles. There are six types of them with fascinating names: up quarks, down quarks, strange quarks, charmed quarks, top quarks and bottom quarks. Hadrons consist of up quarks and down quarks. Why does the LHC have two beams? By colliding two beams that are travelling in opposite directions, you get a much bigger impact than you'd get from sending a single beam into a stationary target. Why do the particles have to travel in a vacuum? Because air would slow the particles. Why is the accelerator circular? So that the particles can be accelerated to a truly high speed. Each time the protons complete a circuit, they're pushed to a slightly higher speed. To achieve the same velocity with particles travelling in a straight line would require a beam tube that would be thousands of kilometres long. Why are the LHC beam tubes in a tunnel that's 100 metres underground? There are four reasons: 1. no need for CERN to buy property rights for the farms and homes it runs beneath. 2. Protection from cosmic ray particles that could generate spurious results. 3. Rock at that depth is extremely stable. 4. Ecellent protection from radiation and other hazards for people on the surface. How big is the LHC? It's 27 km in circumference. Why does the LHC have to be so big? The bigger the circle, the faster the protons can go. How large is the interior of the tunnel? About the size of a Montreal Metro tunnel. How big are the two beam pipes that the protons travel in? About as big as fire hoses. How wide is each beam? Each beam of protons is about 1 mm across. But for the collisions, the beams are focussed down to less than half the width of a human hair. How many protons are there in each beam? About 300 trillion. But if you were to slow them down and allow them to form a gas at normal temperature and normal pressure, the gas would occupy a space about one hundredth the size of a grain of salt. Why is speed so important? More speed means more energy. At CERN, the protons will eventually be running at 99.9999991% of the speed of light. At this speed, each individual proton will have the energy of seven mosquitoes. What is the total energy of the beams? Because there are so many protons in the beams, the combined energy equals that of a 200 tonne train running at 200 kph. Are the protons accelerated entirely inside the LHC? No there are several systems that gradually speed up the protons before they're ready to be injected into the LHC. What accelerates the protons in the LHC? A radiofrequency chamber kicks the protons once per circuit to increase their speed. What, then, is the reason for all those enormous magnets? The LHC has two kinds of magnets. The magnets that are evenly spaced around the 27 km circuit have the job of guiding the protons in a circle. Without these magnets, the protons would fly off in a straight line. As well, there are magnets to focus the beams in readiness for the collisions. The magnets in the particle detectors are designed to bend the trajectories of the fragments that fly out in all directions from the proton-to-proton collisions. Why are the magnets cooled to minus 271 degrees Celsius? So that they become superconductors and thus work vastly more efficiently. How difficult is it to cool all the magnets in the LHC to such a low temperature? Think 96 tonnes of liquid helium. How much electricity is required to run the LHC? When it's running at full power, the LHC will consume $100,000 worth of electricity each day. Given that the LHC magnets consume so much electricity, do they run at a super-high voltage? No, as curious as it sounds, they operate at about 9 volts - the same voltage as a smoke-detector battery. But because the magnets have been cooled almost to absolute zero and have become superconductors, a small voltage can drive an enormous current of 12,000 amps. How big are the particle detectors? The ATLAS detector fills up an underground chamber that's as big as a cathedral. The CMS detector has as much iron as the Eiffel Tower. Why are the particle detectors so enormous? Fragments from the collisions fly out at extreme speeds. Magnets in the detectors bend the paths of the particles. A very large detector is needed to pick up the curvature of each particle track so that the mass of the particle can be determined. How much data will the LHC generate? Enough data to fill a CD every second. How will all this data be stored? On special magnetic tapes that hold about 700 gigbytes of data. How will the data be analysed? CERN has set up a world-wide grid of 100,000 computers to crunch the numbers. What are the physicists hope to discover? They're hoping to find an elusive particle called the Higgs boson. Why do some people refer to the Higgs boson as the God Particle? Because it's the particle that endows all other particles with mass. How soon will a Higgs boson show up? If it does, indeed, show up it will be at least two years before the Higgs boson is found. Will the LHC produce a micro black hole? The CERN physicists hope so. Indeed, if the LHC does produce micro black holes, it will likely do so at the rate of about one per second. Will micro black holes destroy the planet? No. They'll evaporate instantaneously because of Hawking radiation. How can the physicists be so sure that there's no danger? For billions of years, cosmic rays have been battering the earth with much higher energies than the LHC particles will ever attain. None of these collisions has ever created a stable, earth-eating black hole. So there's no reason to think that the LHC will create harmful micro black holes. That same line of thinking rules out the possibility that some have raised that the LHC will produce other planet-threatening particles such as strangelets and magnetic monopoles. Will it be possible to go underground and visit the tunnel and the particle detectors while the LHC is running? No, the tunnels and the detectors will be filled with radiation while the machine is running. No one will go underground until after the beams have been stopped for several hours. Is there any risk to humans from the radiation? No, there's no risk because the tunnels and the particle detectors are 100 metres underground. Unlike a nuclear reactor, there's no risk of the radiation going out of control. As soon as the beams stop circling in the beam pipes, the radiation will begin to subside. Is there a risk of the beam going out of control? There's no risk to people on the surface. But all that energy in such a narrow tube could go out of control. There's an emergency beam dump that can absorb the energy if there's a problem with a beam. Does the LHC mark the end of US technological supremacy? In this particular area of research, yes. The largest atom smasher in the US is the Tevatron at Fermilab near Chicago. The LHC will be seven times more powerful, and will have 100 times more collisions per second than the Tevatron. How is the power of a particle collider measured? The power of a collider is expressed in terms of the energy of each particle, measured in electronvolts. At maximum power, the protons in the LHC will attain 7 tera-electronvolts, abbreviated to 7 TeV. ("tera" means "million-million") How many physicists are working on the LHC? About 2,000 are employed by CERN, another 10,000 scientists around the world collaborate with CERN. Given that the LHC tunnel spans two countries, how many border crossings will each proton make in a second? Each proton will cross the France/Switzerland border 44,000 times per second. Will there be any practical benefits from the LHC? The LHC has been designed for pure research. There are no guaranteed practical benefits. However all previous pure research has led to discoveries with practical benefits. The original research on electrons was done without any inkling of the benefits that would flow from electronic devices. It's pretty well inevitable that research at CERN will lead to fresh scientific insights that will have practical applications. Is it true that the Internet was invented at CERN? No, the Internet was invented by the US military. In 1989, CERN scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web. Is it possible to visit the LHC? Yes, CERN organises lengthy and informative visits for the general public. If you'd like to book a half-day visit, go to www.cern.ch and click on the "Come to CERN" link. Where is CERN? CERN is located in the suburb of Meyrin on the outskirts of Geneva and can be easily reached by city bus. __________________ Custom Coding \| Videochat Solutions \| Age Verification \| IT Help & Support www.2Much.net

09-11-2008, 01:27 AM	#2
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09-11-2008, 01:37 AM	#3
After Shock Media It's coming look busy Join Date: Mar 2001 Location: "Ph'nglui mglw'nafh Cthulhu R'lyeh wgah'nagl fhtagn". Posts: 35,299	Why are the LHC beam tubes in a tunnel that's 100 metres underground? There are four reasons: 1. no need for CERN to buy property rights for the farms and homes it runs beneath Ok I did not know that and that really is interesting. Does it work that way in every country? __________________ [email protected] ICQ:135982156 AIM: Aftershockmed1a MSN: [email protected]

09-11-2008, 01:51 AM	#4
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09-11-2008, 02:36 AM	#6
AlienQ - BANNED FOR LIFE best designer on GFY Join Date: Mar 2003 Location: IALIEN.COM - High Definition Video and Photographic Productions -ICQ 78943384 Posts: 30,307	I read alot more about this thing. It's harmless really. Great leap for possibly learning a few phoenomina perhaps... The SCARIEST thing of all things really is that a good number of physicists believe nothing will be discovered at LHC and that the only chance of further discovery is to be able to observe whats happening at a smaller scale than what the LHC is capable of. Higg's Boson is just a theory and it's a loose theory at that. The Higg's Boson suppossedly a field where none matter becomes matter in our universe from nothing. A gateway sorta field opens another dimension that brings an new atom in our dimension __________________ NAKED HOSTING FTW!11 I'm On The INSANE PLAN $9.95/mo! \| The Alien Blog Adult News Worth Reading Updated Daily \| Content For Sale! 641 PICS 216 MINUTES OF VIDEO $350.00 \|ICQ: 78943384 \| Last edited by AlienQ - BANNED FOR LIFE; 09-11-2008 at 02:41 AM..

09-11-2008, 02:10 AM	#5
hjnet Confirmed User Join Date: May 2002 Location: European Union Posts: 3,815	Nice post, I'm just waiting for the first "Black-Hole" Conspiracies on GFY.....

09-11-2008, 02:39 AM	#7
baddog So Fucking Banned Industry Role: Join Date: Apr 2001 Location: the beach, SoCal Posts: 107,089	Why read the book when you can watch the movie? There will be a quiz later. Last edited by baddog; 09-11-2008 at 02:41 AM..

09-11-2008, 03:12 AM	#8
papill0n Unregistered Abuser Industry Role: Join Date: Oct 2007 Posts: 15,547	Thanks for posting. Very informative