A History Of US Secret
Human Experimentation


1931 Dr. Cornelius Rhoads, under the auspices of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Investigations, infects human subjects with cancer cells. He later goes on to establish the U.S. Army Biological Warfare facilities in Maryland, Utah, and Panama, and is named to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. While there, he begins a series of radiation exposure experiments on American soldiers and civilian hospital patients.

1932 The Tuskegee Syphilis Study begins. 200 black men diagnosed with syphilis are never told of their illness, are denied treatment, and instead are used as human guinea pigs in order to follow the progression and symptoms of the disease. They all subsequently die from syphilis, their families never told that they could have been treated.

1935 The Pellagra Incident. After millions of individuals die from Pellagra over a span of two decades, the U.S. Public Health Service finally acts to stem the disease. The director of the agency admits it had known for at least 20 years that Pellagra is caused by a niacin deficiency but failed to act since most of the deaths occured within poverty-striken black populations.

1940 Four hundred prisoners in Chicago are infected with Malaria in order to study the effects of new and experimental drugs to
combat the disease. Nazi doctors later on trial at Nuremberg cite this American study to defend their own actions during the Holocaust.

1942 Chemical Warfare Services begins mustard gas experiments on approximately 4,000 servicemen. The experiments continue until 1945 and made use of Seventh Day Adventists who chose to become human guinea pigs rather than serve on active duty.

1943 In response to Japan's full-scale germ warfare program, the U.S. begins research on biological weapons at Fort Detrick, MD.

1944 U.S. Navy uses human subjects to test gas masks and clothing. Individuals were locked in a gas chamber and exposed to mustard gas and lewisite.

1945 Project Paperclip is initiated. The U.S. State Department, Army intelligence, and the CIA recruit Nazi scientists and offer them immunity and secret identities in exchange for work on top secret government projects in the United States.

1945 "Program F" is implemented by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). This is the most extensive U.S. study of the health effects of fluoride, which was the key chemical component in atomic bomb production. One of the most toxic chemicals known to man, fluoride, it is found, causes marked adverse effects to the central nervous system but much of the information is squelched in the name of national security because of fear that lawsuits would undermine full-scale production of atomic bombs.

1946 Patients in VA hospitals are used as guinea pigs for medical experiments. In order to allay suspicions, the order is given to change the word "experiments" to "investigations" or "observations" whenever reporting a medical study performed in one of the nation's veteran's hospitals.

1947 Colonel E.E. Kirkpatrick of the U.S. Atomic Energy Comission issues a secret document (Document 07075001, January 8, 1947) stating that the agency will begin administering intravenous doses of radioactive substances to human subjects.

1947 The CIA begins its study of LSD as a potential weapon for use by American intelligence. Human subjects (both civilian and military) are used with and without their knowledge.

1950 Department of Defense begins plans to detonate nuclear weapons in desert areas and monitor downwind residents for medical problems and mortality rates.

1950 I n an experiment to determine how susceptible an American city would be to biological attack, the U.S. Navy sprays a cloud of bacteria from ships over San Franciso. Monitoring devices are situated throughout the city in order to test the extent of infection. Many residents become ill with pneumonia-like symptoms.

1951 Department of Defense begins open air tests using disease-producing bacteria and viruses. Tests last through 1969 and there is concern that people in the surrounding areas have been exposed.

1953 U.S. military releases clouds of zinc cadmium sulfide gas over Winnipeg, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Fort Wayne, the Monocacy River Valley in Maryland, and Leesburg, Virginia. Their intent is to determine how efficiently they could disperse chemical agents.

1953 Joint Army-Navy-CIA experiments are conducted in which tens of thousands of people in New York and San Francisco are exposed to the airborne germs Serratia marcescens and Bacillus glogigii.

1953 CIA initiates Project MKULTRA. This is an eleven year research program designed to produce and test drugs and biological agents that would be used for mind control and behavior modification. Six of the subprojects involved testing the agents on unwitting human beings.

1955 The CIA, in an experiment to test its ability to infect human populations with biological agents, releases a bacteria withdrawn from the Army's biological warfare arsenal over Tampa Bay, Fl.

1955 Army Chemical Corps continues LSD research, studying its potential use as a chemical incapacitating agent. More than 1,000 Americans participate in the tests, which continue until 1958.

1956 U.S. military releases mosquitoes infected with Yellow Fever over Savannah, Ga and Avon Park, Fl. Following each test, Army agents posing as public health officials test victims for effects.

1958 LSD is tested on 95 volunteers at the Army's Chemical Warfare Laboratories for its effect on intelligence.

1960 The Army Assistant Chief-of-Staff for Intelligence (ACSI) authorizes field testing of LSD in Europe and the Far East. Testing of the european population is code named Project THIRD CHANCE; testing of the Asian population is code named Project DERBY HAT.

1965 Project CIA and Department of Defense begin Project MKSEARCH, a program to develop a capability to manipulate human behavior through the use of mind-altering drugs.

1965 Prisoners at the Holmesburg State Prison in Philadelphia are subjected to dioxin, the highly toxic chemical component of Agent Orange used in Viet Nam. The men are later studied for development of cancer, which indicates that Agent Orange had been a suspected carcinogen all along.

1966 CIA initiates Project MKOFTEN, a program to test the toxicological effects of certain drugs on humans and animals.

1966 U.S. Army dispenses Bacillus subtilis variant niger throughout the New York City subway system. More than a million civilians are exposed when army scientists drop lightbulbs filled with the bacteria onto ventilation grates.

1967 CIA and Department of Defense implement Project MKNAOMI, successor to MKULTRA and designed to maintain, stockpile and test biological and chemical weapons.

1968 CIA experiments with the possibility of poisoning drinking water by injecting chemicals into the water supply of the FDA in Washington, D.C.

1969 Dr. Robert MacMahan of the Department of Defense requests from congress $10 million to develop, within 5 to 10 years, a synthetic biological agent to which no natural immunity exists.

1970 Funding for the synthetic biological agent is obtained under H.R. 15090. The project, under the supervision of the CIA, is carried out by the Special Operations Division at Fort Detrick, the army's top secret biological weapons facility. Speculation is raised that molecular biology techniques are used to produce AIDS-like retroviruses.

1970 United States intensifies its development of "ethnic weapons" (Military Review, Nov., 1970), designed to selectively target and eliminate specific ethnic groups who are susceptible due to genetic differences and variations in DNA.

1975 The virus section of Fort Detrick's Center for Biological Warfare Research is renamed the Fredrick Cancer Research Facilities and placed under the supervision of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) . It is here that a special virus cancer program is initiated by the U.S. Navy, purportedly to develop cancer-causing viruses. It is also here that retrovirologists isolate a virus to which no immunity exists. It is later named HTLV (Human T-cell Leukemia Virus).

1977 Senate hearings on Health and Scientific Research confirm that 239 populated areas had been contaminated with biological agents between 1949 and 1969. Some of the areas included San Francisco, Washington, D.C., Key West, Panama City, Minneapolis, and St. Louis.

1978 Experimental Hepatitis B vaccine trials, conducted by the CDC, begin in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco. Ads for research subjects specifically ask for promiscuous homosexual men.

1981 First cases of AIDS are confirmed in homosexual men in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco, triggering speculation that AIDS may have been introduced via the Hepatitis B vaccine

1985 According to the journal Science (227:173-177), HTLV and VISNA, a fatal sheep virus, are very similar, indicating a close taxonomic and evolutionary relationship.

1986 According to the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (83:4007-4011), HIV and VISNA are highly similar and share all structural elements, except for a small segment which is nearly identical to HTLV. This leads to speculation that HTLV and VISNA may have been linked to produce a new retrovirus to which no natural immunity exists.

1986 A report to Congress reveals that the U.S. Government's current generation of biological agents includes: modified viruses, naturally occurring toxins, and agents that are altered through genetic engineering to change immunological character and prevent treatment by all existing vaccines.

1987 Department of Defense admits that, despite a treaty banning research and development of biological agents, it continues to operate research facilities at 127 facilities and universities around the nation.

1990 More than 1500 six-month old black and hispanic babies in Los Angeles are given an "experimental" measles vaccine that had never been licensed for use in the United States. CDC later admits that parents were never informed that the vaccine being injected to their children was experimental.

1994 With a technique called "gene tracking," Dr. Garth Nicolson at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, TX discovers that many returning Desert Storm veterans are infected with an altered strain of Mycoplasma incognitus, a microbe commonly used in the production of biological weapons. Incorporated into its molecular structure is 40 percent of the HIV protein coat, indicating that it had been man-made.

1994 Senator John D. Rockefeller issues a report revealing that for at least 50 years the Department of Defense has used hundreds of thousands of military personnel in human experiments and for intentional exposure to dangerous substances. Materials included mustard and nerve gas, ionizing radiation, psychochemicals, hallucinogens, and drugs used during the Gulf War .

1995 U.S. Government admits that it had offered Japanese war criminals and scientists who had performed human medical experiments salaries and immunity from prosecution in exchange for data on biological warfare research.

1995 Dr. Garth Nicolson, uncovers evidence that the biological agents used during the Gulf War had been manufactured in Houston, TX and Boca Raton, Fl and tested on prisoners in the Texas Department of Corrections.

1996 Department of Defense admits that Desert Storm soldiers were exposed to chemical agents.

1997 Eighty-eight members of Congress sign a letter demanding an investigation into bioweapons use & Gulf War Syndrome.

I think this is a wonderful fucking idea. Spend four fucking years in the Marines and tell me you didn't learn something - and become a man - at the same time!

refer to my post above.

the argument was over a list of countries america has INVADED no one could provide one. you gave a list of countries that were bombed(and you only provided 19), which i dont care to argu about. i dont care why grenada was bombed by america, its done and over with.

GET OVER IT!

>greed and money make them turn

Yes and it's sad how many lives are lost due to this :(

Watched ER tonight with the wife and it was a pretty good... had to do with one of the docs in africa dealing with the aids epidemic. Do you know how many lives could be save if it was for these ^#@#$@^ greedy drug companies. It's amazing...

At the same time look at the aid we give etc. more than any other country in the world.

How do you balance life and death based on money???

:mad:

He has a link in his sig advertising incorporation in the United States. English not his first language? Then why the hell is he talking like HE knows how U.S. policy should be now and should have been in the past?

yea, as i listed in my first post in this thread. i think america could be spending a lot more money on education. we have a lot of under educated people in america. and its sad. yea we are cocky, but it comes with the territory. id rather have my country be cocky, and be proactive then sit back and watch the world go by.

but i think every country has problems just as bad, and run just as deep as americas.

america is like a celebrity, we are always being watched. because we are envied by most other countries. if we werent then why do we have the greatest amount of both legal and illegal immigrants crossing our borders? if we all focused on other countries politics, and ins&outs. we would notice just as much bad about other countries as well.

canada obviously has some education problems as well. which is well demostrated in this thread by certain peoples inabiltiy to understand the difference between INVADING and BOMBING.

everyone is critical of america. but just like america, they should spend more time worrying about thier own problems then ours.

This is your post. not mine:

I never brought up 22, neither 19, neither 14, neither 6, ...

Get the picture???

YOU SAY THAT THE US INVADED ONLY @ COUNTRIES, IRAQ and Afghanistan ( thatr in the last 2 yeard BTW!!!).

BEFORE, GRENADA ??/ Yes or NO???

PANAMA.,,, Yes or NO.

Simple no.

IThat would make it more than 2.

I do not know who posted the 22 number, but it was not me... I supplied a list of countries bombed....

You must be kidding... try google.com

sad very but its reality, a professor once told me that the money spent on creating death could solve death, always kept that in my head

it says " invasion" not bombing./..

And get the fuck off your 19 or 22 countries...

http://www.historyguy.com/Grenada.htmlSome history so when you go to bed, you be less stupid:

In 1983 the United States invaded the island of Grenada and Overthrew the communist government in favor of a pro-Western one in a span of less than two months.
Problems between the US and the Caribbean nation began in 1979 (while the Cold War was still in effect) when a bloodless coup placed the pro-Marxist Maurice Bishop as the Prime Minister, which led to strengthened ties between Grenada and communist nations like Cuba and the Soviet Union.

you forgot france on that list. When we invaded to drive the nazis out that your piece of shit relatives let in with open arms.

Can't read either. smarty ass:

AFTER ww2

AFTER

ok, this might spark something negative but keep an open mind for a second.. i am with ya 100% and so forth with everything but as much as a tragety 9/11 was it was almost forseen. i feel bad for all the lives lost but beacuse of "cockyness" and so forth americans felt untouchable..and as bad as it sounds it has brought some americans to reality that anything can happen to anyone in the states or in any other country. canada just as much!

Figures... :1orglaugh

you will never hear me say america didnt bring some of 9/11 upon themselfs with thier cockyness.

I'll definitely remember that one. I can see why it stuck.

OK, grenada was invaded by america. thats only 3. not 24.

canada is very diplomatic with many countries, i got a chance to travel with some americans to italy and they found it shocking that they were told not to wear american flags on their backpacks but yet canadian flags.. people dont like states for many reasons, some valid in some minds other just pure ignorance for knowing about their life and standards.. but just that sign that the airlines told them to wear the canadian flag really opened their minds

seeing as they wouldnt teach me the facts. which was the point.

i didnt say the number was only two. i said it certainly was not 24, and that i could only name 2 off hand.

im not going to argu the point that america has done fucked up shit in the past.

GET OFF IT.

Yes, obvious typo are a good way out...

How about you start posting in my mother tongue, trailer fag...

Hell,

if it does happen, I'm gonna go submit my self to a mental hospital, under a 51-50 where I'm legally insane for 5 years. Because I'm not going to fight some fake ass war for Bush.

jDoG

lets not make personal attacks. both of you.

ok direct fiesta., can we agree to agree?

america has not invaded 24 countries. we have bombed 19. but thats not what this is about.

we have invaded more then our fair share. and you wont hear me say it was right.

Panama:

Armed Conflict
Events Data

US Invasion of Panama 1989



On December 15, 1989, Noriega sought and was given by the legislature the title of chief executive officer of the government. The Noriega-led assembly declared that a state of war with the United States existed. The next day Panamanian soldiers killed an unarmed U.S. Marine officer dressed in civilian clothes.

Retaliation by the United States was quick and decisive. On December 17, U.S. President George Bush ordered troops to Panama, with the subsequently announced aims of seizing Noriega to face drug charges in the United States, protecting American lives and property, and restoring Panamanian liberties. The initial attack took place in darkness on the morning of December 20 and was focused primarily on Noriega's headquarters in Panama City. U.S. forces quickly overcame most organized resistance, but in the following days numerous Panamanian soldiers and civilians looted shops in Panama City and Colón, and some 2,000 U.S. reinforcements were flown in to help establish order. The number of Panamanians killed in the operation was estimated at 200-300 combatants (soldiers and paramilitaries) and some 300 civilians; 23 U.S. soldiers also were killed. Hundreds from both nations were wounded.

On the first day of the invasion, Endara and his two vice presidents were sworn in to head the government of Panama. Noriega took refuge in the Vatican nunciature (embassy) in Panama, until he surrendered to U.S. authorities on January 3, 1990, and was then transported to Miami, Florida. There he stood trial, was convicted on a host of charges, and was sentenced to a U.S. prison. In Panama and also France, Noriega was charged with various crimes, including murder, but no enduring efforts were made to have him extradited.

http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/papa/panamaus1989.htm


Again,
I NEVER SAID 22... that was in YOUR post along with:

quote:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
the US has not invaded 24 countries. maybe 2, iraq, and afghanistan, where are the other 22?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

well i spoke my views, i will never push them on others and they are simply my view and glad that some agree :) some people think they can make people think things by pushing their views upon others and that just doesnt get ya anywhere :) tit for tat but ultimatly if ur to ignorant to learn and develope your own views and simply get spoon feed what people wish to tell you then your in alot of trouble. that there is avery large problem with alot of places :) why: ur have a good head on your shoulders im impressed :P

so youve proven to me, we didnt invade panama, they declared war, and we showed them a thing or two.

it was fun having an adult conversation on here without personal attacks.

thanks for the compliment on my head :) i think its pretty good looking as well.

ne time.. just honestly would like wish many other americans have a chance to have a teacher like you did and the mentallity to develope a outside view of the world not just centerd in the country you live :)

That's not the point he was making. The point is that you people didn't even believe that the law would be introduced. Y'all said that there was no fucking way and that he was crazy..Now he has proof of it, you turn around and say it won't be even passed.

It's nice to be blind huh?

we are educated to think inside the box and believe whatever we are told. as many from other countries are as well.

:thumbsup :thumbsup

so true and so sad! im off for a bit have a great night

LOL... read the headline.... INVASION,,,

Is it only an invasion if the US are not justified???

I am out of here ... google a bit ...

its not even a draft to begin with, its standardized military service. many other countries have it.

i would have served my country but i am a felon. and i was not allowed to.

Stupid human tribalism. When are we going to evolve past this?
..countires, nationalities, borders, are all imaginary..
There are are only individuals; the rest is fabricated.

If you pick up a gun and go somewhere and shoot somebody,
YOU did that; not your superior officer, or president, or country.

Ask yourself if YOU have a personal reason to kill THAT specific person?
No? then what the fuck are you doing?

People need to become responsible for their own actions;
instead of giving control of themselves to made up social hierarchies.

War would end if all the individuals on both sides would just stay home.

what if the 911 hijackers decided to just stay home?
what if the Japanese pilots at pearl harbor had just stayed home?
etc etc

That's the greatest social policy ever!
no more war... no more gangs.. no more riots.. no more traffic jams..
"JUST STAY HOME" with your family and friends.

If someone demands you travel overseas to kill strangers,
you should just look at them funny and laugh.
Think about it objectively and it's too silly to take seriously.
And if everyone did this, there would be no chain of command
for wannabe dictators, fanatic leaders, and warlords to abuse.


Of course, there is something instinctual about this mob mentality,
(that probably served us better 100,000 years ago)
so I doubt anything social will change until science changes us.

its not an invasion if someone declares open war. its called solving the problem.

p.s. have a good night. it was fun chatting. i was just about done too. always a pleasure to piss with you DF.

The Taliban had declared open war on America before 9/11.

By your reasoning the twin towers attack was simply a military strike? They were not terrorists? I guess they just "Solved the problem", eh?

I'm going to Canada...Save me a room DrinkingHard! :thumbsup