Obama to announce gun control plans Wednesday

[kyro]

Washington (CNN) -- A package of gun control proposals including a ban on assault weapons will be unveiled on Wednesday by President Barack Obama in response to last month's Connecticut school massacre.

Obama and Vice President Joe Biden will announce the proposals, White House spokesman Jay Carney told reporters on Tuesday.

They will be joined by a group of children who wrote letters to the president in the aftermath of the December 14 shooting rampage by a lone gunman who killed 20 students and six adults at a Newtown elementary school, Carney said.

Obama will propose legislative steps he previously has backed, such as a ban on assault weapons, restrictions on high-capacity ammunition magazines and strengthening federal background checks of people attempting to buy guns, according to Carney.

The president also will push for other steps that could include executive actions on his part that don't require congressional approval, Carney noted.

Biden led a panel assembled by Obama to examine gun control steps after the Newtown shootings, which sparked a fierce public debate over how to prevent such mass killings with guns.

Opponents led by the powerful National Rifle Association promise a political fight against gun control measures that they say will violate the constitutional right to bear arms.

An NRA spokesman said Tuesday the group has experienced what he called an "unprecedented" spike in membership numbers since new calls for gun control began in the past month.

Approximately 250,000 people have joined the organization's existing 4.25 million members, according to NRA spokesman Andrew Arulanandam.

"This is in direct response to the threats and accusations coming from"Obama and other political leaders, Arulanandam said, adding that "if anyone is wondering if the American people cared about the Second Amendment ... those numbers give a very clear answer."

In addition to new members, the NRA is also receiving an influx of financial contributions, he said.

"This is going to be a very expensive and hard-fought fight," Arulanandam noted.

The federal government estimates that more than 300 million non-military guns are owned or available for purchase in the United States.

At the White House, Carney acknowledged the challenge, saying: "If these things were easy, they would have been achieved already."

"It's something we have to do together," he said. "It's something that cannot be done by a president alone. It can't be done by a single community alone or a mayor or a governor or by Congress alone. We all have to work together."

Carney also reiterated Obama's belief in the Second Amendment right of citizens to be armed.

"He has made clear that he believes we ought to take common sense, and enact common sense measures that protect Second Amendment rights but prevent people who should not have weapons from obtaining them," he said.

Carney said the proposals Obama will present Wednesday would be his final version of the package recommended by Biden's team.

The recommendations by Biden's panel included as many as 19 executive actions, such as tougher enforcement of existing laws, legislators briefed by the vice president said Tuesday.

Obama could demand that agencies provide data for background checks that are supposed to accompany gun sales, ensuring that information included in the checks is as "comprehensive and complete as possible," Democratic Rep. Mike Thompson of California told CNN.

The president also could immediately appoint a director of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, which has been without a permanent chief for six years, Thompson said.

A Democratic member of Congress who was briefed on the recommendations said some of the 19 executive actions discussed included improving the way the government administers current law.

The legislator, speaking on condition of not being identified, cited loopholes in the federal database for background checks on gun sales as well as issues involving mental health checks as possibilities for executive action.

None of the legislators mentioned the NRA's call for armed guards at school as an option under consideration.

Obama has not ruled out issuing executive orders on some gun control measures to enforce laws already on the books, such as bolstering the way gun sales are tracked.

The president reiterated his desire on Monday for more robust background checks for gun buyers, keeping high capacity magazines away from criminals, and a ban on assault weapons.

"Will all of them get through this Congress? I don't know," Obama said. "But what's uppermost in my mind is making sure that I'm honest with the American people and members of Congress about what I think will work, what I think is something that will make a difference."

Working with Congress will be paramount in curbing gun violence, Thompson said, singling out a ban on high capacity magazines as an example of a measure that could garner Republican support. A full-scale assault weapon ban would be tougher to pass the GOP-controlled House, he argued.

Obama also said on Monday that the gun lobby was "ginning up" fears the federal government will use the Connecticut tragedy to seize Americans' guns. At least part of the frenzy is little more than marketing, he implied.

"It's certainly good for business," the president said, responding to a question about a spike in weapons sales and applications for background checks since the December killings.

Biden has said he's found widespread support for universal background checks and restrictions on the sale of high capacity magazines, which gun control advocates believe contribute to more bloodshed at mass shootings.

The influential NRA, among other gun rights groups, has vowed to fight any new gun restrictions -- like an assault weapon ban.

Gun control advocates, gun violence victims, the NRA, video game makers and others have met with the Biden-led task force.

In New York, New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg said Monday that more than 1 million people have signed a petition backed by his group, Mayors Against Illegal Guns, to tighten gun control laws in the wake of the Newtown shooting rampage.'

"For many Americans, this is the straw that broke the camel's back," he said.

A new Gallup poll released Monday showed 38% of Americans were dissatisfied with current gun laws and support stricter proposals. That was a 13 percentage point jump from a year ago.

The shift included a 17 percentage point increase in support for stricter gun control laws among men, compared to 10 percentage points for women, who traditionally have been more supportive of gun control legislation.

In New York -- where a week ago, Democratic Gov. Andrew Cuomo spelled out tough new gun control proposals -- the state Senate passed a series of new gun regulations in a 43-18 vote Monday night. The bill now goes to the state Assembly.

The tentative New York plan would include a statewide assault weapons registry and add a uniform licensing standard across the state -- altering the current system, in which each county or municipality sets a standard -- a state Senate source said.

Magazines could have no more than seven bullets under the would-be agreement, according to the source, among other provisions.

Discussions had percolated about crafting a law, similar to one in California, that allows mental health professionals to inform law enforcement if they believe their patient could pose a threat to themselves or others, the source said

Law enforcement authorities may then revoke the patient's license to carry a firearm and prevent them from having a gun for at least six months.

Across the country, more than a million people failed background checks to buy guns during the past 14 years because of criminal records, drug use or mental health issues, according to FBI figures. That figure, however, is a small fraction of overall gun sales.

[DWB]

I hope they ban all weapons from knives to baseball bats to shotguns. The problem is, not a single criminal or mentally unstable person is give to give two fucks about whatever new laws are passed. I can't believe people even fall of this nonsense as if it's going to protect them from crazies or criminals. Guess there really is one born every minute.

[96ukssob]

I hear the girl crying. I get the watch fixed. Those bankers keep the room warm.

Obama made him cry. Those politicians found the book interesting. Doug elected him president. Those farmers get the watch fixed.

They named the ship Titanic. We called her "the kind bartender". They paint the room green. They heard the girl crying. I called him "the taxi driver".

I called him George. Those taxi drivers called him a taxi. That farmer keeps the milk cold.

We called her "the kind scientist". I called him "the carpenter".

Those guards called him a taxi. I make him cry. I name the ship Titanic. They had him drive.

They get the TV repaired. Anthony finds the book interesting. I kept the room warm. Michael named the baby Susan. Obama named the baby Susan.

That thief found the box empty. That lawyer calls him a taxi. They elected Bill captain of our team. I get the watch fixed.



Look at me, I can create story on GFY too!

[jwerd]

"Nobody is for gun control. It's a misnomer. What they are for is the monopolization of gun ownership in the hands of the state, and the stripping of gun ownership in the hands of the citizenry." - Stefan Molyneux

Too bad Obama can't use the universality principle here.

[Minte]

That's fine. It won't make any difference unless he finds a way to legislate the 300m+ weapons that are already on the street. Keep in mind, they banned these types of weapons before.

[johnnyloadproductions]

Anyone can do anything until they get caught. For some that thought and it's consequence holds no bearing.

[Relentless]

Originally Posted by Minte

That's fine. It won't make any difference unless he finds a way to legislate the 300m+ weapons that are already on the street. Keep in mind, they banned these types of weapons before.

Good luck preventing or even tracking gun ownership now that 3D printers are a consumer item.

We are 5 years away from anyone:

1 Buying a block of plastic and a box of springs
2 Downloading a CAD schematic of their favorite gun
3 Printing it in their garage
4 Assembling it with instructions simple enough for any idiot to follow
5 loading it with legal ammo
6 shooting whoever they want with a complete, untraceable, fully-automatic weapon

Unless they get serious about blocking ammunition, all the gun control laws they can imagine will be null in the real world anyway

[SilentKnight]

Originally Posted by Relentless

Good luck preventing or even tracking gun ownership now that 3D printers are a consumer item.

We are 5 years away from anyone:

1 Buying a block of plastic and a box of springs
2 Downloading a CAD schematic of their favorite gun
3 Printing it in their garage
4 Assembling it with instructions simple enough for any idiot to follow
5 loading it with legal ammo
6 shooting whoever they want with a complete, untraceable, fully-automatic weapon

Unless they get serious about blocking ammunition, all the gun control laws they can imagine will be null in the real world anyway

http://printers.iyogi.com/editors-pi...d-printer.html

[Minte]

Originally Posted by Relentless

Good luck preventing or even tracking gun ownership now that 3D printers are a consumer item.

We are 5 years away from anyone:

1 Buying a block of plastic and a box of springs
2 Downloading a CAD schematic of their favorite gun
3 Printing it in their garage
4 Assembling it with instructions simple enough for any idiot to follow
5 loading it with legal ammo
6 shooting whoever they want with a complete, untraceable, fully-automatic weapon

Unless they get serious about blocking ammunition, all the gun control laws they can imagine will be null in the real world anyway

Making bullets isn't rocket science either. We have a decent size metal stamping department with presses that spit out an average of 200 parts per minute. I had to do the math, but if we ran all of our presses and just made brass casings we could turn out over 4 million bullets per 8 hour shift. I'm not suggesting that we would do that. But the black market would be a goldmine for those garage outfits that want to put a few presses in their garage.

[kyro]

Originally Posted by Minte

That's fine. It won't make any difference unless he finds a way to legislate the 300m+ weapons that are already on the street. Keep in mind, they banned these types of weapons before.

yes last time they didnt make you turn them over. but that was your clinton president, obama is a socialist and he will make law to make you turn them back in to the government.

[Rochard]

The NRA just fucked us in the ass. Their only response was "more guns". Fucking brilliant. They pissed off the entire nation.

[dgraves]

And someone chose a school to shoot up rather than the White House?

[DBS.US]

A new rule of magazines could have no more than seven bullets would be fucked. I don't know of any real handguns that they even make seven round magazines for them.

[dgraves]

Originally Posted by DBS.US

A new rule of magazines could have no more than seven bullets would be fucked. I don't know of any real handguns that they even make seven round magazines for them.

Smart political thinking. That way each psycho is limited to 7 kids at a time?

[Relentless]

Originally Posted by Minte

Making bullets isn't rocket science either. We have a decent size metal stamping department with presses that spit out an average of 200 parts per minute. I had to do the math, but if we ran all of our presses and just made brass casings we could turn out over 4 million bullets per 8 hour shift. I'm not suggesting that we would do that. But the black market would be a goldmine for those garage outfits that want to put a few presses in their garage.

Bullets require gunpowder at least.... The government has a tiny chance of regulating gunpowder. It has zero chance of regulating plastic, brass and springs. People still haven't come to terms with the fact that one guy in his garage can now mass produce what used to require a small manufacturing plant to create.

Download CAD, push print, have item.

I wonder if people on GFY are starting to get it yet or not...
Automation is breaking many of our long held paradigms.

Employment, Gun Control, Education, Food Production... All the basics of survival are no longer bound by the same rules that applied from the year 1500 to 2000. We are in the process of doing to physical goods exactly what the digital era did to intellectual property. Just as the government is incapable of regulating content theft online it will soon be equally incapable of preventing someone from mass producing perfect replicas of virtually any physical item from high fashion handbags to high capacity magazines for any gun they want.

[AdultPornMasta]

[quote=kyro;19426633]washington (cnn) -- a package of gun control proposals including a ban on assault weapons will be unveiled on wednesday by president barack obama in response to last month's connecticut school massacre.

Obama and vice president joe biden will announce the proposals, white house spokesman jay carney told reporters on tuesday.

They will be joined by a group of children who wrote letters to the president in the aftermath of the december 14 shooting rampage by a lone gunman who killed 20 students and six adults at a newtown elementary school, carney said.

Obama will propose legislative steps he previously has backed, such as a ban on assault weapons, restrictions on high-capacity ammunition magazines and strengthening federal background checks of people attempting to buy guns, according to carney.

The president also will push for other steps that could include executive actions on his part that don't require congressional approval, carney noted.

Biden led a panel assembled by obama to examine gun control steps after the newtown shootings, which sparked a fierce public debate over how to prevent such mass killings with guns.

Opponents led by the powerful national rifle association promise a political fight against gun control measures that they say will violate the constitutional right to bear arms.

An nra spokesman said tuesday the group has experienced what he called an "unprecedented" spike in membership numbers since new calls for gun control began in the past month.

Approximately 250,000 people have joined the organization's existing 4.25 million members, according to nra spokesman andrew arulanandam.

"this is in direct response to the threats and accusations coming from"obama and other political leaders, arulanandam said, adding that "if anyone is wondering if the american people cared about the second amendment ... Those numbers give a very clear answer."

in addition to new members, the nra is also receiving an influx of financial contributions, he said.

"this is going to be a very expensive and hard-fought fight," arulanandam noted.

The federal government estimates that more than 300 million non-military guns are owned or available for purchase in the united states.

At the white house, carney acknowledged the challenge, saying: "if these things were easy, they would have been achieved already."

"it's something we have to do together," he said. "it's something that cannot be done by a president alone. It can't be done by a single community alone or a mayor or a governor or by congress alone. We all have to work together."

carney also reiterated obama's belief in the second amendment right of citizens to be armed.

"he has made clear that he believes we ought to take common sense, and enact common sense measures that protect second amendment rights but prevent people who should not have weapons from obtaining them," he said.

Carney said the proposals obama will present wednesday would be his final version of the package recommended by biden's team.

The recommendations by biden's panel included as many as 19 executive actions, such as tougher enforcement of existing laws, legislators briefed by the vice president said tuesday.

Obama could demand that agencies provide data for background checks that are supposed to accompany gun sales, ensuring that information included in the checks is as "comprehensive and complete as possible," democratic rep. Mike thompson of california told cnn.

The president also could immediately appoint a director of the bureau of alcohol, tobacco, firearms and explosives, which has been without a permanent chief for six years, thompson said.

A democratic member of congress who was briefed on the recommendations said some of the 19 executive actions discussed included improving the way the government administers current law.

The legislator, speaking on condition of not being identified, cited loopholes in the federal database for background checks on gun sales as well as issues involving mental health checks as possibilities for executive action.

None of the legislators mentioned the nra's call for armed guards at school as an option under consideration.

Obama has not ruled out issuing executive orders on some gun control measures to enforce laws already on the books, such as bolstering the way gun sales are tracked.

The president reiterated his desire on monday for more robust background checks for gun buyers, keeping high capacity magazines away from criminals, and a ban on assault weapons.

"will all of them get through this congress? I don't know," obama said. "but what's uppermost in my mind is making sure that i'm honest with the american people and members of congress about what i think will work, what i think is something that will make a difference."

working with congress will be paramount in curbing gun violence, thompson said, singling out a ban on high capacity magazines as an example of a measure that could garner republican support. A full-scale assault weapon ban would be tougher to pass the gop-controlled house, he argued.

Obama also said on monday that the gun lobby was "ginning up" fears the federal government will use the connecticut tragedy to seize americans' guns. At least part of the frenzy is little more than marketing, he implied.

"it's certainly good for business," the president said, responding to a question about a spike in weapons sales and applications for background checks since the december killings.

Biden has said he's found widespread support for universal background checks and restrictions on the sale of high capacity magazines, which gun control advocates believe contribute to more bloodshed at mass shootings.

The influential nra, among other gun rights groups, has vowed to fight any new gun restrictions -- like an assault weapon ban.

Gun control advocates, gun violence victims, the nra, video game makers and others have met with the biden-led task force.

In new york, new york mayor michael bloomberg said monday that more than 1 million people have signed a petition backed by his group, mayors against illegal guns, to tighten gun control laws in the wake of the newtown shooting rampage.'

"for many americans, this is the straw that broke the camel's back," he said.

A new gallup poll released monday showed 38% of americans were dissatisfied with current gun laws and support stricter proposals. That was a 13 percentage point jump from a year ago.

The shift included a 17 percentage point increase in support for stricter gun control laws among men, compared to 10 percentage points for women, who traditionally have been more supportive of gun control legislation.

In new york -- where a week ago, democratic gov. Andrew cuomo spelled out tough new gun control proposals -- the state senate passed a series of new gun regulations in a 43-18 vote monday night. The bill now goes to the state assembly.

The tentative new york plan would include a statewide assault weapons registry and add a uniform licensing standard across the state -- altering the current system, in which each county or municipality sets a standard -- a state senate source said.

Magazines could have no more than seven bullets under the would-be agreement, according to the source, among other provisions.

Discussions had percolated about crafting a law, similar to one in california, that allows mental health professionals to inform law enforcement if they believe their patient could pose a threat to themselves or others, the source said

law enforcement authorities may then revoke the patient's license to carry a firearm and prevent them from having a gun for at least six months.

Across the country, more than a million people failed background checks to buy guns during the past 14 years because of criminal records, drug use or mental health issues, according to fbi figures. That figure, however, is a small fraction of overall gun sales.[/quote}



8chars

[Rochard]

[QUOTE=AdultPornMasta;19427388]

Originally Posted by kyro

washington (cnn) -- a package of gun control proposals including a ban on assault weapons will be unveiled on wednesday by president barack obama in response to last month's connecticut school massacre.

Obama and vice president joe biden will announce the proposals, white house spokesman jay carney told reporters on tuesday.

They will be joined by a group of children who wrote letters to the president in the aftermath of the december 14 shooting rampage by a lone gunman who killed 20 students and six adults at a newtown elementary school, carney said.

Obama will propose legislative steps he previously has backed, such as a ban on assault weapons, restrictions on high-capacity ammunition magazines and strengthening federal background checks of people attempting to buy guns, according to carney.

The president also will push for other steps that could include executive actions on his part that don't require congressional approval, carney noted.

Biden led a panel assembled by obama to examine gun control steps after the newtown shootings, which sparked a fierce public debate over how to prevent such mass killings with guns.

Opponents led by the powerful national rifle association promise a political fight against gun control measures that they say will violate the constitutional right to bear arms.

An nra spokesman said tuesday the group has experienced what he called an "unprecedented" spike in membership numbers since new calls for gun control began in the past month.

Approximately 250,000 people have joined the organization's existing 4.25 million members, according to nra spokesman andrew arulanandam.

"this is in direct response to the threats and accusations coming from"obama and other political leaders, arulanandam said, adding that "if anyone is wondering if the american people cared about the second amendment ... Those numbers give a very clear answer."

in addition to new members, the nra is also receiving an influx of financial contributions, he said.

"this is going to be a very expensive and hard-fought fight," arulanandam noted.

The federal government estimates that more than 300 million non-military guns are owned or available for purchase in the united states.

At the white house, carney acknowledged the challenge, saying: "if these things were easy, they would have been achieved already."

"it's something we have to do together," he said. "it's something that cannot be done by a president alone. It can't be done by a single community alone or a mayor or a governor or by congress alone. We all have to work together."

carney also reiterated obama's belief in the second amendment right of citizens to be armed.

"he has made clear that he believes we ought to take common sense, and enact common sense measures that protect second amendment rights but prevent people who should not have weapons from obtaining them," he said.

Carney said the proposals obama will present wednesday would be his final version of the package recommended by biden's team.

The recommendations by biden's panel included as many as 19 executive actions, such as tougher enforcement of existing laws, legislators briefed by the vice president said tuesday.

Obama could demand that agencies provide data for background checks that are supposed to accompany gun sales, ensuring that information included in the checks is as "comprehensive and complete as possible," democratic rep. Mike thompson of california told cnn.

The president also could immediately appoint a director of the bureau of alcohol, tobacco, firearms and explosives, which has been without a permanent chief for six years, thompson said.

A democratic member of congress who was briefed on the recommendations said some of the 19 executive actions discussed included improving the way the government administers current law.

The legislator, speaking on condition of not being identified, cited loopholes in the federal database for background checks on gun sales as well as issues involving mental health checks as possibilities for executive action.

None of the legislators mentioned the nra's call for armed guards at school as an option under consideration.

Obama has not ruled out issuing executive orders on some gun control measures to enforce laws already on the books, such as bolstering the way gun sales are tracked.

The president reiterated his desire on monday for more robust background checks for gun buyers, keeping high capacity magazines away from criminals, and a ban on assault weapons.

"will all of them get through this congress? I don't know," obama said. "but what's uppermost in my mind is making sure that i'm honest with the american people and members of congress about what i think will work, what i think is something that will make a difference."

working with congress will be paramount in curbing gun violence, thompson said, singling out a ban on high capacity magazines as an example of a measure that could garner republican support. A full-scale assault weapon ban would be tougher to pass the gop-controlled house, he argued.

Obama also said on monday that the gun lobby was "ginning up" fears the federal government will use the connecticut tragedy to seize americans' guns. At least part of the frenzy is little more than marketing, he implied.

"it's certainly good for business," the president said, responding to a question about a spike in weapons sales and applications for background checks since the december killings.

Biden has said he's found widespread support for universal background checks and restrictions on the sale of high capacity magazines, which gun control advocates believe contribute to more bloodshed at mass shootings.

The influential nra, among other gun rights groups, has vowed to fight any new gun restrictions -- like an assault weapon ban.

Gun control advocates, gun violence victims, the nra, video game makers and others have met with the biden-led task force.

In new york, new york mayor michael bloomberg said monday that more than 1 million people have signed a petition backed by his group, mayors against illegal guns, to tighten gun control laws in the wake of the newtown shooting rampage.'

"for many americans, this is the straw that broke the camel's back," he said.

A new gallup poll released monday showed 38% of americans were dissatisfied with current gun laws and support stricter proposals. That was a 13 percentage point jump from a year ago.

The shift included a 17 percentage point increase in support for stricter gun control laws among men, compared to 10 percentage points for women, who traditionally have been more supportive of gun control legislation.

In new york -- where a week ago, democratic gov. Andrew cuomo spelled out tough new gun control proposals -- the state senate passed a series of new gun regulations in a 43-18 vote monday night. The bill now goes to the state assembly.

The tentative new york plan would include a statewide assault weapons registry and add a uniform licensing standard across the state -- altering the current system, in which each county or municipality sets a standard -- a state senate source said.

Magazines could have no more than seven bullets under the would-be agreement, according to the source, among other provisions.

Discussions had percolated about crafting a law, similar to one in california, that allows mental health professionals to inform law enforcement if they believe their patient could pose a threat to themselves or others, the source said

law enforcement authorities may then revoke the patient's license to carry a firearm and prevent them from having a gun for at least six months.

Across the country, more than a million people failed background checks to buy guns during the past 14 years because of criminal records, drug use or mental health issues, according to fbi figures. That figure, however, is a small fraction of overall gun sales.[/quote}



8chars

So Obama and Biden will be surrounded by school children, while the NRA is releasing online shooting games to five year olds.

The irony slays me.

[Mr Pheer]

Originally Posted by DBS.US

A new rule of magazines could have no more than seven bullets would be fucked. I don't know of any real handguns that they even make seven round magazines for them.

My Kimber Ultra CDP II only holds seven.

[dgraves]

Just wait for the single-shot, bolt-action handgun law.

[tony286]

Ive been thinking about this and I think they shouldn’t ban no guns or mags. They should make it, you have to take a class and a test every year to keep your license. You have to register your guns every year and if you sell them,there has to be a process that if isnt followed you go to jail. Guns and ammo sellers have to be better tracked and answerable. Why did you sell 6k in rounds to some guy? I read about the atf report they did in southern CA on illegal guns. 80 percent of them came from home based gun dealers. That shit all has to be tightened up.
As far as these people going into the ghetto or blackmarket to buy them. These were lily white young men, one couldn't get out of his moms basement. The movie theater killer was thrown out of a gun shop had to buy them online.So chances are these would of been neutered. Also again if the registration is tightened and the home gun dealers are dealt with the number of blackmarket guns would drop dramatically. Illegal guns doesn’t just fall out of the sky ,they had to be legal at some time.

[Minte]

Originally Posted by kyro

yes last time they didnt make you turn them over. but that was your clinton president, obama is a socialist and he will make law to make you turn them back in to the government.

I don't own any assault type weapons. This issue to me is more like censorship. Once things get going, where does it end.

[bronco67]

I wouldn't worry about anything passing without executive action -- which in that case probably wouldn't be too much.

The senate has to first think the house will pass a bill before they even bother creating it. Then it has to actually get through the house, and we're all very aware of the games those assholes have been playing lately. They wouldn't even pass a bill to help people made homeless by Hurricane Sandy. Do you think for one second they'll get on board with new gun legislation when the NRA has their hand up congressional Republicans' collective ass like a puppet master? Maybe I'm too pessimistic, but there will be no new major laws.