Back in the day they use to paint the cross hairs on the ground in the distance and then you had to center the cross hair in your view through the camera.
HTH
TripleXPrint on Megan Fox "I would STILL suck her pussy until her face caved in. And then blow her up and do it again!"
Back in the day they use to paint the cross hairs on the ground in the distance and then you had to center the cross hair in your view through the camera.
im assuming you usually don't have the desire to do violence against people you, assumingly, disagree with
No, he's just expressing the anger that such stupidity can bring about. That van allen bullshit has been debunked 100 times over, lay off the bong hits and get back to the fuckin books...
No, he's just expressing the anger that such stupidity can bring about. That van allen bullshit has been debunked 100 times over, lay off the bong hits and get back to the fuckin books...
how has it been debunked?
all i can find is 'radiation', which has absolutely nothing to do with what the issue is
all serious aside, for any confusion on moon landings all one has to do is look at the Soviets failure to get through the Van Allen Belt
Here is a detailed article about that:
" Regarding the Van Allen belts, and the nature of the radiation in them, they are doughnut-shaped regions where charged particles, both protons and electrons, are trapped in the Earth's magnetic field. The number of particles encountered (flux is the technical jargon, to impress your friends!) depends on the energy of the particles; in general, the flux of high-energy particles is less, and the flux of low-energy particles is more. Very low energy particles cannot penetrate the skin of a spacecraft, nor even the skin of an astronaut. Very roughly speaking, electrons below about 1 million electron volts (MeV) are unlikely to be dangerous, and protons below 10 MeV are also not sufficiently penetrating to be a concern. The actual fluxes encountered in the Van Allen belts is a matter of great commercial importance, as communications satellites operate in the outer region, and their electronics, and hence lifetimes, are strongly affected by the radiation environment. Thus billions of dollars are at stake, never mind the Moon! The standard database on the fluxes in the belt are the models for the trapped radiation environment, AP8 for protons, and AE8 for electrons, maintained by the National Space Sciences Data Center at NASA's Goddard Spaceflight Center. Barth (1999) gives a summary which indicates that electrons with energies over 1 MeV have a flux above a million per square centimeter per second from 1-6 earth radii (about 6,300 - 38,000 km), and protons over 10 MeV have a flux above one hundred thousand per square centimeter per second from about 1.5-2.5 Earth radii (9,500 km - 16,000 km).
Then what would be the radiation dose due to such fluxes, for the amount of time an astronaut crew would be exposed? This was in fact a serious concern at the time that the Apollo program was first proposed. Unfortunately I have not located quantitative information in the time available, but my recollection is that the dose was roughly 2 rem (= 20 mSv, milli-Sievert).
The time the astronauts would be exposed is fairly easy to calculate from basic orbital mechanics, though probably not something most students below college level could easily verify. You have perhaps heard that to escape from Earth requires a speed of about 7 miles per second, which is about 11.2 km per sec. At that speed, it would require less than an hour to pass outside the main part of the belts at around 38,000 km altitude. However it is a little more complicated than that, because as soon as the rocket motor stops burning, the spacecraft immediately begins to slow down due to the attraction of gravity. At 38,000 km altitude it would actually be moving only about 4.6 km per sec, not 11.2. If we just take the geometric average of these two, 7.2 km per sec, we will not be too far off, and get about 1.5 hours for the time to pass beyond 38,000 km.
Unfortunately calculating the average radiation dose received by an astronaut in the belts is quite intricate in practice, though not too hard in principle. One must add up the effects of all kinds of particles, of all energies. For each kind of particle (electrons and protons in this situation) you have to take account of the shielding due to the Apollo spacecraft and the astronaut space suits. Here are some approximate values for the ranges of protons and electrons in aluminum:
Range in Aluminum [cm] Energy
[MeV] electrons protons
1 0.15 ~ nil
3 0.56 ~ nil
10 1.85 0.06
30 no flux 0.37
100 no flux 3.7
For electrons, the AE8 electron data shows negligible flux (< 1 electron per square cm per sec) over E=7 MeV at any altitude. The AP8 proton compilations indicates peak fluxes outside the spacecraft up to about 20,000 protons per square cm per sec above 100 MeV in a region around 1.7 Earth radii, but because the region is narrow, passage takes only about 5 min. Nevertheless, these appear to be the principal hazard.
These numbers seem generally consistent with the ~2 rem doses I recall. If every gram of a person's body absorbed 600,000 protons with energy 100 MeV, completely stopping them, the dose would be about 50 mSv. Assuming a typical thickness of 10 cm for a human and no shielding by the spacecraft gives a dose of something like 50 mSv in 300 sec due to protons in the most intense part of the belt.
For comparison, the US recommended limit of exposure for radiation workers is 50 mSv per year, based on the danger of causing cancer. The corresponding recommended limits in Britain and Cern are 15 mSv. For acute doses, the whole-body exposure lethal within 30 days to 50% of untreated cases is about 2.5-3.0 Gy (Gray) or 250-300 rad; in such circumstances, 1 rad is equivalent to 1 rem.
So the effect of such a dose, in the end, would not be enough to make the astronauts even noticeably ill. "
" Regarding the Van Allen belts, and the nature of the radiation in them, they are doughnut-shaped regions where charged particles, both protons and electrons, are trapped in the Earth's magnetic field. The number of particles encountered (flux is the technical jargon, to impress your friends!) depends on the energy of the particles; in general, the flux of high-energy particles is less, and the flux of low-energy particles is more. Very low energy particles cannot penetrate the skin of a spacecraft, nor even the skin of an astronaut. Very roughly speaking, electrons below about 1 million electron volts (MeV) are unlikely to be dangerous, and protons below 10 MeV are also not sufficiently penetrating to be a concern. The actual fluxes encountered in the Van Allen belts is a matter of great commercial importance, as communications satellites operate in the outer region, and their electronics, and hence lifetimes, are strongly affected by the radiation environment. Thus billions of dollars are at stake, never mind the Moon! The standard database on the fluxes in the belt are the models for the trapped radiation environment, AP8 for protons, and AE8 for electrons, maintained by the National Space Sciences Data Center at NASA's Goddard Spaceflight Center. Barth (1999) gives a summary which indicates that electrons with energies over 1 MeV have a flux above a million per square centimeter per second from 1-6 earth radii (about 6,300 - 38,000 km), and protons over 10 MeV have a flux above one hundred thousand per square centimeter per second from about 1.5-2.5 Earth radii (9,500 km - 16,000 km).
Then what would be the radiation dose due to such fluxes, for the amount of time an astronaut crew would be exposed? This was in fact a serious concern at the time that the Apollo program was first proposed. Unfortunately I have not located quantitative information in the time available, but my recollection is that the dose was roughly 2 rem (= 20 mSv, milli-Sievert).
The time the astronauts would be exposed is fairly easy to calculate from basic orbital mechanics, though probably not something most students below college level could easily verify. You have perhaps heard that to escape from Earth requires a speed of about 7 miles per second, which is about 11.2 km per sec. At that speed, it would require less than an hour to pass outside the main part of the belts at around 38,000 km altitude. However it is a little more complicated than that, because as soon as the rocket motor stops burning, the spacecraft immediately begins to slow down due to the attraction of gravity. At 38,000 km altitude it would actually be moving only about 4.6 km per sec, not 11.2. If we just take the geometric average of these two, 7.2 km per sec, we will not be too far off, and get about 1.5 hours for the time to pass beyond 38,000 km.
Unfortunately calculating the average radiation dose received by an astronaut in the belts is quite intricate in practice, though not too hard in principle. One must add up the effects of all kinds of particles, of all energies. For each kind of particle (electrons and protons in this situation) you have to take account of the shielding due to the Apollo spacecraft and the astronaut space suits. Here are some approximate values for the ranges of protons and electrons in aluminum:
Range in Aluminum [cm] Energy
[MeV] electrons protons
1 0.15 ~ nil
3 0.56 ~ nil
10 1.85 0.06
30 no flux 0.37
100 no flux 3.7
For electrons, the AE8 electron data shows negligible flux (< 1 electron per square cm per sec) over E=7 MeV at any altitude. The AP8 proton compilations indicates peak fluxes outside the spacecraft up to about 20,000 protons per square cm per sec above 100 MeV in a region around 1.7 Earth radii, but because the region is narrow, passage takes only about 5 min. Nevertheless, these appear to be the principal hazard.
These numbers seem generally consistent with the ~2 rem doses I recall. If every gram of a person's body absorbed 600,000 protons with energy 100 MeV, completely stopping them, the dose would be about 50 mSv. Assuming a typical thickness of 10 cm for a human and no shielding by the spacecraft gives a dose of something like 50 mSv in 300 sec due to protons in the most intense part of the belt.
For comparison, the US recommended limit of exposure for radiation workers is 50 mSv per year, based on the danger of causing cancer. The corresponding recommended limits in Britain and Cern are 15 mSv. For acute doses, the whole-body exposure lethal within 30 days to 50% of untreated cases is about 2.5-3.0 Gy (Gray) or 250-300 rad; in such circumstances, 1 rad is equivalent to 1 rem.
So the effect of such a dose, in the end, would not be enough to make the astronauts even noticeably ill. "
for example, there is huge issues in this day and age with Satellites and the Van Allen Belt. Issues that involve funding to this day on how to safely navigate the belt
so, as a general message, i am not talking about radiation sickness
for example, there is huge issues in this day and age with Satellites and the Van Allen Belt. Issues that involve funding to this day on how to safely navigate the belt
so, as a general message, i am not talking about radiation sickness
and i believe it never was a question
The issues are due to the fact that modern satellites stay within the Van allen belts for quite a long time. It's not "navigating" them, it's staying within them, (or on the edges of them), for long periods without sustaining too much damage over that period due to radiation.
The point of the article was that simply going through the belts for a couple of hours was not a big deal and easily doable for the moon shot..
The issues are due to the fact that modern satellites stay within the Van allen belts for quite a long time. It's not "navigating" them, it's staying within them, (or on the edges of them), for long periods without sustaining too much damage over that period due to radiation.
The point of the article was that simply going through the belts for a couple of hours was not a big deal and easily doable for the moon shot..
.
from what i read it was the protons/electrons being extremely oversized that wreaked a great deal of havoc on computer systems and the like
if our technology today can't seem to manage this, how was brand new technology 40 years ago no problem?
How else can we explain the camera cross-hairs actually being BEHIND objects on the moon rather than in front of them
Show me some moon landing photos on a government/NASA website or any credible science site with photographs with cross-hairs like this. These photos are unauthenticated.
In the event they are authenticated - if you were to believe that the cross-hairs were added in by an artist it makes no sense why that person would have masked the cross-hairs to look like they were behind objects like the flag.
I moved my sites to Vacares Hosting. I've saved money, my hair is thicker, lost some weight too! Thanks Sly!
for example, there is huge issues in this day and age with Satellites and the Van Allen Belt. Issues that involve funding to this day on how to safely navigate the belt
so, as a general message, i am not talking about radiation sickness
and i believe it never was a question
Facts, lets ignore them. As any conspiracy nutter does. Who needs facts. Believing in retarded conspiracies is way more fun, right?
Facts, lets ignore them. As any conspiracy nutter does. Who needs facts. Believing in retarded conspiracies is way more fun, right?
what facts have i ignored?
i have tried several times explaining that im not talking about radiation sickness
only one person has bothered to post someone else article that talks briefly about what this belt does to electronics, before spiraling into talking about radiation poisoning again
and now we're back to talking about conspiracy nutters and 'beliefs' again
Always funny to see some people believing that ETs and Intelligent life travelled from millions light years, came to earth (a diminutive point inside a diminutive point called milky way in an almost infinite universe) and interact with humans...
always laugh my ass off, when I hear some people believing in that... LOL...
Always funny to see some people believing that ETs and Intelligent life travelled from millions light years, came to earth (a diminutive point inside a diminutive point called milky way in an almost infinite universe) and interact with humans...
always laugh my ass off, when I hear some people believing in that... LOL...
In the event they are authenticated - if you were to believe that the cross-hairs were added in by an artist it makes no sense why that person would have masked the cross-hairs to look like they were behind objects like the flag.
It's not the cross-hairs which would have been added
i have tried several times explaining that im not talking about radiation sickness
only one person has bothered to post someone else article that talks briefly about what this belt does to electronics, before spiraling into talking about radiation poisoning again
and now we're back to talking about conspiracy nutters and 'beliefs' again
so tell me more about what you believe
So basically what you are saying is that every single moon mission was faked. The 100's probably 1000's of people who worked on them were part of this hoax. All the videos and photos of all the missions were faked. This is what you are saying right? But at the same time you are not a conspiracy nutter. Let me know if i'm wrong somewhere.
So basically what you are saying is that every single moon mission was faked. The 100's probably 1000's of people who worked on them were part of this hoax. All the videos and photos of all the missions were faked. This is what you are saying right? But at the same time you are not a conspiracy nutter. Let me know if i'm wrong somewhere.
All the videos and photos of all the missions were faked.
Just the same as the Thunderbirds, that was faked too, all of it! Didn't you ever notice the wires, just like the wires on the 'lunar landing' astronauts?
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