Newly released records confirm that at least 28 additional tests were conducted on Americans, using both chemical and biological toxins, seven at sea and 21 on land. The tests were carried out in six states-Maryland, Florida, Utah, California, Hawaii and Alaska-and in Canada and Great Britain. Among the substances sprayed on unwitting subjects were e-coli bacteria and nerve gases such as sarin (used in the Tokyo subway terrorist attack), tabun and VX. In all cases, Pentagon officials now claim, the poisons were distributed in less than lethal doses. The purpose of the tests was to study the dispersal patterns-how wind currents, temperature and terrain affected the movement of spores or molecules-not to study the effects of the toxins themselves on human subjects. But many of the poisons used can cause significant damage even in small doses, and some of the biological agents used are more dangerous than they were believed to be at the time. For instance, a bacterium known as Bacillus globigii, related to anthrax but believed at the time to be harmless, was sprayed over the most populous Hawaiian island, Oahu, in a 1965 test code-named "Big Tom." Later research found that the bacterium can cause infections in people with weakened immune systems.
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