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There is a very large polyamorous ("poly") community out there. They may have coined their own phrase, but a lot of people use it. Of course, like any community, they use it in a variety of ways.
In general, what they have in common is the idea that it is possible (and preferable) to love more than one person. The details, especially of who is in a relationship with whom, vary a lot. I couldn't cover it all here, especially as I am not terribly active in the community, and have a pretty specific thing in mind personally.
Ployamory technically means multiple-love. Polygamy technically means multiple-marriage. Of course, that means a lot of overlap. The main difference comes in the contingent details. Polygamy, these days, almost always means that a man gets to have two "sister-wives".... as in, women who are "family", but not romantically involved with one another.
Besides the somewhat oppressive sexism that this sometimes includes, this practice tends to give "poly" a pretty bad name due to the connections to the past. It has some polyamorous underpinnings, but also harkens back to mormon ideas of giving men more to play with. To each his own, of course, but I wouldn't go for that.
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